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Nigeria’s central bank held its benchmark interest rate steady at 27.50% on Thursday, opting for stability after the rebasing of the consumer price index (CPI). The decision signals a cautious approach by Governor Olayemi Cardoso, who is balancing a need to lower inflation with the need to support an economy that is gradually winning back investor confidence.
The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) voted unanimously to hold rates and said it assessed recent macroeconomic developments, including exchange rate stability and a gradual slowdown in fuel price increases, and decided that holding rates steady was the best course of action.
“The committee noted the recent rebasing of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), which adjusted the weighting of items in the consumption basket to reflect current spending patterns,” said CBN Governor Olayemi Cardoso.
The rebasing, which updates the components used to measure inflation, lowered reported inflation rates, even though underlying price pressures remain high. Nigeria’s inflation stood at 34.48% in January before rebasing, but the updated methodology adjusted it to 24.48%.
The decision to hold rates was widely anticipated by analysts, who argued that further tightening could stifle business activity, while a premature cut might worsen inflationary pressures.
“Inflation is at an inflection point but could pick up again in a few months. The MPC will likely wait for at least three more months to assess the rebased numbers before making a major move,” said Basil Abia, an economist at Veriv Africa.
Since the start of 2024, the CBN has raised rates in an aggressive attempt to rein in inflation and stabilize the naira. This latest decision suggests the central bank is pausing to evaluate the impact of those hikes rather than committing to further tightening.
Despite the reported slowdown in inflation, businesses and consumers still face rising costs, particularly for food and imported goods.
With the next MPC meeting scheduled for May 2025, investors will be watching for signals on whether the CBN maintains its hawkish stance or shifts toward easing if inflation shows signs of further moderation.
Dangote Petroleum Refinery recently achieved a significant milestone by successfully exporting two jet fuel cargoes to Saudi Aramco, the world’s largest oil producer and a leading integrated oil and gas company globally.
Saudi Aramco is the official Saudi Arabian Oil Company, which is a majority state-owned petroleum and natural gas company that is the national oil company of Saudi Arabia.
President of Dangote Group, Aliko Dangote, revealed this on Tuesday during a visit by the Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG), team to both Dangote Fertiliser Limited and the Dangote Petroleum Refinery & Petrochemicals in Ibeju Lekki, Lagos.
Dangote said exporting products to the global markets, especially Saudi Aramco, was because of his refinery’s world-class standards and advanced technologies.
“We are reaching the ambitious goals we set for ourselves, and I’m pleased to announce that we’ve just sold two cargoes of jet fuel to Saudi Aramco,” he said.
Since its production began in 2024, the Dangote refinery has steadily increased its output, now reaching 550,000 barrels per day.
While commending Aliko Dangote for establishing the $20 billion refinery – the largest single-train refinery in the world – NESG Chairman, Mr. Niyi Yusuf, stated that Nigeria needs more investments of this calibre to reach its $1 trillion economy goal.
“To achieve a $1 trillion economy, much of that must come from domestic investments. I joked during the bus ride that while others are dredging to create islands for leisure, you’ve dredged 65 million cubic tonnes of sand to create a future for the country. This refinery, fertiliser plant, petrochemical complex, and supporting infrastructure are monumental,” he said. “My hope is that God grants you the strength, courage, and health to realise your ambitions and that in your lifetime, a new Nigeria will emerge.”
Yusuf emphasised that such local industries are essential to Nigeria’s industrialisation and will help foster the growth of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). He added that the NESG would continue to advocate for an improved investment climate to attract entrepreneurs, boost development, ensure food security, and address insecurity.
He lamented that Nigeria has become a dumping ground for foreign products and stressed that the country must support its entrepreneurs to become a global player. “It’s inconceivable that a nation of over 230 million people, with an annual birth rate higher than the total population of some countries, is still dependent on imports to feed its citizens.”
Yusuf also praised Dangote’s bold vision for making Nigeria self-sufficient in several key sectors.
“The NESG is grateful, and I believe the nation is as well. This refinery represents the audacity of courage. It takes immense effort to do what you’ve done and still be standing and smiling. Thank you for inspiring us and showing that nothing is impossible. You’ve transformed Nigeria from a net importer of petroleum products to a net exporter,” he said. “We’ve all read Think Big, but this is truly about thinking big. The message is clear: the private sector can bring about real change.”
Yusuf, alongside NESG board members and stakeholders, toured the refinery and fertiliser plants, lauding the level of investment, technology, and sophistication of young Nigerian engineers running world-class laboratories and central control units. He acknowledged Dangote's perseverance and success in overcoming numerous challenges.
Dangote, in his response, reiterated the importance of the private sector in national development, asserting that Nigeria’s challenges could largely be overcome by providing gainful employment to its people.
He stated that the concept of a free market should not be used as a pretext for continued import dependence, highlighting that both developed and developing nations, including the USA and China, actively protect their domestic industries to safeguard jobs and promote self-sufficiency. Dangote also cited the example of the Benin Republic, where cement imports are restricted as part of a deliberate strategy to protect local industries, despite the proximity of his Ibese plant.
“The President is a personal friend, and my Ibese plant is just 28km from Benin, yet they refuse to allow imports to protect their local industries, most of which are grinding plants,” he remarked.
He further emphasised that the government stands to gain substantially when the private sector flourishes, noting that 52 kobo (52%) of every naira Dangote Cement generates goes to the government.
Dangote also pointed out the significant challenges involved, in setting up industries in Nigeria, particularly the substantial capital investment required due to the lack of infrastructure. He stressed that investors are often forced to take on responsibilities for essential services such as power, roads, and ports – services that should be provided by the government.
The Tony Elumelu Foundation (TEF) has officially opened applications for its 2025 entrepreneurship programmes, to give young Africans entrepreneurs skills to effectively manage their businesses.
This initiative invites aspiring and existing entrepreneurs from across Africa to apply for opportunities that include world-class training, expert mentoring, and non-refundable seed capital to scale their businesses.
In a statement released by the foundation, the 2025 training will include key programmes that would assist the young business owners’ navigate their industry terrain without experiencing any difficulties.
It noted that the window for application into the three programs for this year edition would be closing March 1, 2025, urging applicants to complete and submit their entries ahead of the deadline.
The foundation, meanwhile, warned that applicants below the age of 18 years would not be enrolled for the training, saying applicants age must not be less than 18 years old.
According to the statement, “Tony Elumelu Foundation (TEF) Entrepreneurship Programme: the flagship TEF Entrepreneurship Programme is open to all entrepreneurs across Africa with innovative business ideas or existing businesses not older than five years. This year, there is a special emphasis on businesses leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) and green initiatives. Applicants must be at least 18 years old.
“IYBA-WE4A Entrepreneurship Programme: Launched by the Tony Elumelu Foundation in partnership with the European Union (EU) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), IYBA-WE4A stands for Investing in Young Businesses in Africa – Women Entrepreneurship for Africa and is exclusively for women entrepreneurs with green business ideas or existing green businesses in Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Cameroon, Kenya, Mozambique, Malawi, and Togo. Applicants must be at least 18 years old, with businesses not exceeding five years in operation.
“Aguka Ideation Programme: The Aguka Ideation Entrepreneurship Programme is a partnership with the Tony Elumelu Foundation, UNDP Rwanda and the Rwandan Ministry of Youths and Arts to support young Rwandan entrepreneurs between 18 -30 with business ideas with a seed capital of $3000, with the aim of nurturing and developing innovative concepts into viable enterprises”.
Application Details:
• Platform: Applications are to be submitted through TEF’s proprietary digital hub, TEFConnect.
• Application Period: January 1, 2025 – March 1, 2025. Applicants are encouraged to complete and submit their applications well ahead of the deadline.
• Eligibility: Open to African entrepreneurs with scalable business ideas or existing businesses not older than five years. Applicants must be at least 18 years old.
To learn more about the Tony Elumelu Foundation’s transformative work and the success of our African entrepreneurs. Explore our:
• Impact Report, which highlights the Tony Elumelu Foundation’s achievements and contributions to Africa’s economic growth.
• African Entrepreneurs’ Success Stories, showcasing the inspiring journeys of Tony Elumelu Entrepreneurs.
• Annual Reports, offering insights into the Tony Elumelu Foundation’s strategies and outcomes.
About the Tony Elumelu Foundation:
The Tony Elumelu Foundation is the leading philanthropy empowering a new generation of African entrepreneurs, driving poverty eradication, catalysing job creation across all 54 African countries, and increasing women economic empowerment.
Founded in 2010, the Tony Elumelu Foundation is committed to empowering African entrepreneurs as a catalyst for the continent’s economic transformation.
Since the launch of the TEF Entrepreneurship Programme in 2015, the Foundation has provided up to 2.5 million young Africans with access to training on its digital hub, TEFConnect, and disbursed over USD$100 million in direct funding to over 21,000 African women and men, who have collectively created over 800,000 direct and indirect jobs, and generated over USD$4.2 billion in revenue. The Foundation’s mission is rooted in Africapitalism, which positions the private sector, and most importantly entrepreneurs, as the catalyst for the social and economic development of the African continent.
Guaranty Trust Holding Company Plc,is pleased to announce the successful completion of the first tranche of its equity capital raise programme, following the completion of the
capital verification exercise conducted by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the approval of the Basis of Allotment of the Offer by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The Offer, which garnered substantial interest from domestic retail investors, raised a total of ₦209.41 billion from 130,617 valid applications for 4,705,800,290 Ordinary
Shares, fully allotted. This milestone concludes the first phase of GTCO’s phased equity capital raise programme, which is structured on a balanced allocation strategy based on
an equal split between institutional and retail investors. This balanced approach aligns with GTCO Plc’s commitment to fostering a well-diversified and robust investor base.
Commenting on this phase of the recapitalization exercise, Segun Agbaje, Group Chief Executive Officer of GTCO Plc, expressed his gratitude: “We extend our sincere
appreciation to our new and existing shareholders, as well as the regulatory authorities, for their unwavering support during this initial phase of our equity capital raise. The
strong participation and successful capital verification exercise and allotment process reaffirm the confidence investors have in our fundamentals and execution capabilities.
This sets a solid foundation for accelerating our strategic roadmap, which aims to pivot the Group for transformational growth and unlock greater value across the Group’s
Banking and Non-Banking businesses.”
GTCO Plc continues to lead its peers in key profitability metrics and financial performance. Building on this successful first phase, the Group will commence the second phase of its recapitalization plan in 2025, which is strategically positioned to attract significant foreign institutional investments, reinforcing its reputation as a Truly
International financial services brand. Proceeds from the combined equity raise will be strategically deployed to recapitalize the Group’s flagship subsidiary, Guaranty Trust Bank Limited (GTBank Nigeria), enhancing its ability to meet regulatory requirements and further solidify its position as a leading financial institution. Additionally, the funds will support Group-wide growth initiatives, including footprint expansion, product enhancement, and innovation across both Banking and Non-Banking subsidiaries. GTCO remains committed to delivering sustainable value to its stakeholders and driving innovation across the financial services landscape in Africa.
n a landmark move for regional energy integration, Dangote Refinery and Neptune Oil jointly announced the first-ever export of Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) from Dangote Refinery, Africa's largest oil refinery, to Cameroon.
This milestone, resulting from a strategic collaboration between the two companies, underscores their commitment to strengthening economic ties between Nigeria and Cameroon while meeting the region's growing energy demands… Alhaji Aliko Dangote, President and CEO of the Dangote Group, stated: “This first export of PMS to Cameroon is a tangible demonstration of our vision for a united and energy-independent Africa. With this development, we are laying the foundation for a future where African resources are refined and exchanged within the continent for the benefit of our people.”
Antoine Ndzengue, Director and Owner of Neptune Oil emphasized: “This partnership with Dangote Refinery marks a turning point for Cameroon. By becoming the first importer of petroleum products from this world-class refinery, we are bolstering our country’s energy security and supporting local economic development. This initial supply, executed without international intermediaries, reflects our commitment to serving our markets independently and efficiently.”
The collaboration between Dangote Refinery and Neptune Oil does not end with this first export. Both companies are exploring new initiatives to establish a reliable supply chain that will help stabilize fuel prices and create new economic opportunities across the region.
The Ogun State Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mines, and Agriculture (OGUNCCIMA) has praised the monumental contributions of Dangote Refinery to Nigeria’s economy and its role in revitalizing the private sector. This flagship industrial project has not only reshaped the country’s energy landscape but has also created opportunities for private enterprises and driven sustainable economic growth.
Speaking on behalf of OGUNCCIMA, it's President Lion Niyi Oshiyemi, lauded the refinery’s achievements, emphasizing its transformative impact on key economic sectors.
“The Dangote Refinery is a game-changer for Nigeria’s economy. With a capacity to refine 650,000 barrels of crude oil daily, it has reduced Nigeria’s reliance on imported petroleum products, conserved foreign exchange, and fortified our energy security. This milestone reinforces the critical role the private sector plays in national development,” he stated.
The impact of Dangote Refinery on the private sector is profound. By creating thousands of direct and indirect jobs, the refinery has stimulated economic activities across multiple industries. From manufacturing to logistics, the project has provided businesses with opportunities to grow and innovate.
“The refinery’s operations have created employment for Nigerians at all levels while fostering technology transfer and skills acquisition. This has strengthened local businesses and equipped them with the tools to compete in domestic and global markets,” Oshiyemi noted.
The emphasis on local content has been a cornerstone of Dangote Refinery’s strategy. By sourcing materials locally and partnering with indigenous companies, the refinery has supported the growth of Nigerian enterprises and encouraged investments in infrastructure, engineering, and technology.
The ripple effects of the Dangote Refinery extend beyond the energy sector. Its presence has catalyzed industrialization by attracting investments in related sectors such as petrochemicals, manufacturing, and transportation. This multiplier effect has significantly expanded Nigeria’s industrial base and enhanced the nation’s economic competitiveness.
OGUNCCIMA also highlighted the refinery’s contributions to addressing Nigeria’s balance of trade challenges. By producing refined petroleum products domestically, the refinery has reduced the need for costly imports while positioning Nigeria as a potential exporter of refined products within the African continent.
The impact of Dangote Refinery goes beyond Nigeria’s borders, as it addresses Africa’s critical energy deficits and trade imbalances. By meeting the energy demands of neighboring countries and promoting intra-African trade, the refinery aligns with the objectives of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).
“This refinery is a shining example of what can be achieved through visionary leadership and investment in strategic sectors. It demonstrates Africa’s potential to compete globally and foster regional integration,” Oshiyemi remarked.
In addition to its economic contributions, Dangote Refinery has maintained a strong commitment to corporate social responsibility. The Dangote Group’s investments in education, healthcare, and infrastructure have improved the quality of life for many Nigerians and strengthened community resilience.
“Dangote Refinery exemplifies the role of private sector enterprises in driving social progress alongside economic development. Its initiatives in healthcare and education are building a brighter future for Nigerians,” Oshiyemi added.
OGUNCCIMA urged stakeholders across public and private sectors to emulate the Dangote Refinery’s innovative approach to development. By fostering partnerships and investing in transformative projects, Nigeria can achieve sustainable economic growth and reduce its reliance on external resources.
“This refinery stands as a model for what is possible when the private sector leads with vision and commitment. We call on all stakeholders to collaborate and replicate such success stories to build a resilient, self-reliant, and prosperous Nigeria,” Oshiyemi concluded.
It would be recalled that Dangote Refinery recently slashed the price of its petrol to N970 per litre to oil marketers, while assuring that further reduction is still possible in a foreseeable future.
Building businesses that stand the test of time requires a blend of innovation, unwavering focus, and passion. This was the key takeaway from the latest edition of the United Bank for Africa (UBA) Business Series, hosted on Thursday,
With the theme: “Profit with Purpose, Business Continuity,” the event which was held at the Tony Elumelu Amphitheatre, UBA House, Marina, Lagos, brought together top industry leaders and entrepreneurs who shared actionable insights and strategies for ensuring business resilience and sustainability in today’s dynamic economic environment.
Founder, Terra Kulture, Bolanle Austen-Peters, Chief Executive of Asadtek Group Limited, Ghana; Dr. James Asare-Adjei; Award winning TV Personality & Multi Media Entrepreneur, Frank Edoho, Celebrated multimedia personality, Toke Makinwa and founder of Nigeria’s pioneering indigenous premium coffee brand, Happy Coffee, Princess Adeyinka Tekena, were on ground to share their business journey and give insights on how businesses can stand the test of time and thrive in a competitive environment.
Bolanle Austen-Peters who is also a Prominent Lawyer, Award Winning Film Director, and Producer, was the keynote speaker at the event and she spoke on the need for small and medium scale businesses to define their purpose, build a workable framework and have a team that shares in your vision.
On how she has run a business successfully for over 20 years, she said, “I can never overemphasise the role that purpose plays in your business. There is the need for business owners to set clear goals and achievable targets. From Day one, I started with having an organisational structure like what we have in banks, complete with legal structure, a board of Directors, administrative Officers, and all.
Continuing she said, “The truth is that if you do not have a framework for your business, you may just be another business from the street. Putting together a structure shows that you are in for serious business, and people will treat your business as such,” she explained.
James Asare-Adjei from Ghana, who also shared that key essentials like being innovative and having integrity said that MSMEs need to identify areas that they can excel at and work towards building it. “As business owners, you need to take advantage of the market available to you, and ensure that you add value at every point.
For Frank Edoho, passion remains an essential ingredient that drives business growth. “Passion is very important, as business owners, you should stick to your guns and learn from what others are doing and add it to your experience to make your business better,” he explained.
“One of the things I did to grow my brand was that I was very focused,” said Toke Makinwa, who recalled her humble beginnings as a banker and later a broadcaster. “I kept the right attitude and surrounded myself with people who are team builders. These are winning strategies anytime,” she noted.
Princess Adeyinka Tekena, who is a beneficiary of the Tony Elumelu Foundation (TEF) Grant, said the $5,000 grant she won in 2015, helped to build her business from ground up and the business has been thriving for over 10 years now. She pointed out that tenacity, determination and financial discipline have been some of the factors that have contributed to the growth of her small business.
UBA’s Group Head, Marketing and Corporate Communications, Alero Ladipo, who commended the participants for sharing valuable insights explained that with these regular capacity building programs, UBA focuses on empowering other business owners to build sustainable businesses.
“At UBA, it is not just about Banking, we are also passionate about helping our customers to grow thriving businesses, and that is why we do this on a regular basis,” she noted.
The UBA Business Series is a regular seminar/workshop organised by the bank as one of its capacity-building initiatives, where leading business leaders and professionals share well-researched insights on relevant topics and best practices for running successful businesses, especially in difficult business challenges.
United Bank for Africa is one of the largest employers in the financial sector on the African continent, with 25,000 employees group wide and serving over 45 million customers globally. Operating in twenty African countries and the United Kingdom, the United States of America, France and the United Arab Emirates, UBA provides retail, commercial and institutional banking services, leading financial inclusion and implementing cutting edge technology.
The Dangote Petroleum Refinery says it has reduced the price of its Premium Motor Spirit from N990 per litre to N970/litre.
Ijebu Nation gathered that this is the amount marketers would buy the product from the refinery.
In a statement released on Sunday, the Group Chief Branding and Communications Officer of the Dangote Group, Anthony Chiejina, said the reduction was to appreciate Nigerians as the year ends.
“As the year comes to an end, this is our way of appreciating the good people of Nigeria for their unwavering support in making the refinery a dream come true. In addition, this is to thank the government for their support as this will complement the measures put in place to encourage domestic enterprise for our collective well-being,” the statement read.
Chiejina said the refinery would not compromise on the quality of its petroleum products while assuring Nigerians of the best quality products that are environmentally friendly and sustainable.
“We are determined to keep ramping up production to meet and surpass our domestic fuel consumption; thus, dispelling any fear of a shortfall in supply,” the statement concluded.
Dangote Industries Limited (DIL) has restated its commitment to driving the diversification of Nigeria’s economy for growth and job prospects through strategic investments.
This is just as the Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industries (LCCI) described the Company as the pillar and strength of the nation’s economy with its many investments.
Dangote said while it produces critical household items, some of its other products serve as either feedstock or raw materials for other manufacturers as a sure way of galvanizing the nation’s economic independent through industrialization.
The Company’s position came from the Group Executive Director, Commercial Operations, Dangote Industries Limited (DIL), Hajiya Fatima Aliko-Dangote during the Dangote Group Special Day ceremony at the ongoing 2024 Lagos International Trade Fair in Lagos just as the president of Lagos Chamber of Commerce & Industry (LCCI), Mr. Gabriel Idahosa described the Company as a pillar of industrial strength and resilience for the Country.
The Group Executive Director, represented by the Director, Depot and Logistics, Dangote Cement Plc, Mr. Dolapo Alli, said "as a strategic sponsor of the Lagos International Trade Fair, this year’s theme, “Connecting Businesses, Creating Value,” resonates deeply with business objectives of the Conglomerate.
She noted that "at Dangote Group, our focus is on manufacturing. As a manufacturer, we rely on a network of suppliers and service providers for inputs and materials that we cannot source on our own."
"This commitment informs our active membership in the LCCI and our consistent participation in its activities. Businesses need connections at various levels—business-to-business, distributorship, and ultimately with the final consumers."
She pointed out that "our recent flagship project, the Dangote Refinery and Petrochemicals, has commenced operations with the rollout of Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), automotive gas oil, JET A1, and other products, including polypropylene.
"We are optimistic that many new manufacturing outfits will emerge relying on both the products and byproducts of the petroleum complex as feedstock in their production processes."
According to Hajiya Aliko-Dangote, the evolution of these mutual interdependent industries is expected to revolutionize Nigeria’s economy by creating linkages between different industrial sectors. The linkages will provide cushions to the economy, preventing disruptions in production as raw materials are available.
"Linkages are vital in sustainable economic and industrial development. We are envisaging a connected and interlinked manufacturing sector that will produce goods that are usually imported, and in the process create more jobs for the growing youth population."
She emphasized that "our participation in this Fair, apart from the exhibitions, is to seek connections with other businesses. We have dedicated staff on ground manning the offices at our stand who are to provide necessary information to all businesses and individuals who desire to do business with us."
On the Group's interventions, Aliko-Dangote added that "we have commenced export of products from our petroleum refinery to other parts of the world. We also export fertiliser.
"Dangote Group has actively participated in road construction and rehabilitation projects aimed at improving transport conditions. The Group also plays a critical role in export financing, particularly through its cement business.
"Our business units are at the forefront of creating values. It is on record that Dangote Cement enabled Nigeria to attain self-sufficiency in local production of cement. Nigeria is not only a leading producer of cement, but our export capacity has helped also reduced pressure on foreign exchange."
She further said "Dangote Fertiliser Limited is the largest Granulated Urea Fertiliser complex in Africa. Dangote Sugar is committed to ensure that Nigeria ends the importation of raw sugar into the country by actively intensifying its execution of the Sugar Backward Integration."
Also, the President of Lagos Chamber of Commerce & Industry (LCCI), Mr. Gabriel Idahosa said that in a nation facing complex economic challenges, the Dangote Group has remained a pillar of industrial strength and resilience, embodying the values of innovation, diversification, and a steadfast commitment to Nigeria’s economic growth.
He added that the Dangote Group’s journey is a story of strategic diversification and visionary leadership, capitalizing on Nigeria’s rich natural resources and creating millions of jobs, opportunities for SMEs, and an environment for foreign investments.
He further said that the Group’s commitment to backward integration, where inputs are sourced locally whenever possible, has not only reduced its exposure to foreign exchange volatility but also spurred local industry development.
Justice Ambrose Lewis-Allagoa of the Federal High Court, Lagos has granted an interim take-over of Heyden Petroleum Limited, a company owned by the Ogun State Governor, Dapo Abiodun, over alleged insolvency.
Justice Lewis-Allagoa in suit No AMC/67/2024, granted the take-over of the petroleum company by the Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON) after hearing the submission of an Ex Parte motion filed through its lawyers, O. T. Ogunba and I. U. Odo of Kunle Ogunba SAN & Associates, who moved the motion with a supporting affidavit and written address.
Innovative Ventures Limited and Optimum Construction & Property Development Company Limited are also affected by the interim order granted on October 29, as prayed by the AMCON’s lawyers
The judge later adjourned the hearing of the substantive suit till November 21, 2024
In accounting, insolvency is the state of being unable to pay the debts, by a person or company (debtor), at maturity; those in a state of insolvency are said to be insolvent. There are two forms: cash-flow insolvency and balance-sheet insolvency.
Cash-flow insolvency is when a person or company has enough assets to pay what is owed, but does not have the appropriate form of payment. For example, a person may own a large house and a valuable car, but not have enough liquid assets to pay a debt when it falls due. Cash-flow insolvency can usually be resolved by negotiation. For example, the bill collector may wait until the car is sold and the debtor agrees to pay a penalty.
Balance-sheet insolvency is when a person or company does not have enough assets to pay all of their debts. The person or company might enter bankruptcy, but not necessarily. Once a loss is accepted by all parties, negotiation is often able to resolve the situation without bankruptcy. A company that is balance-sheet insolvent may still have enough cash to pay its next bill on time. However, most laws will not let the company pay that bill unless it will directly help all their creditors. For example, an insolvent farmer may be allowed to hire people to help harvest the crop, because not harvesting and selling the crop would be even worse for his creditors.
